Metering Insights

The four-quadrant diagram in electricity metering

The interactive diagram shows the relationship between the phase angle φ, apparent-, active- and reactive power respective energy in accordance with clauses 12 and 14 of IEC 60375.

Why do I need a Vector Diagram?

Modern reference standards and calibration devices have usually a graphical function to show the relationship between the voltages and the currents.

What are harmonics ?

Generally a harmonic is a integer multiple of the fundamental frequency (nominal fn). When we have a fn of 50 Hz, the 3rd harmonics is traveling with 150 Hz. We...

Calculating Apparent Power
Vectorial vs Arithmetic Method

There are two commonly used methods to calculate the apparent power (VA). The traditional method is the vectorial calculation.

What is Maximum Demand Measurement?

Demand is a measure of average power consumption over a fixed time interval. Maximum (or peak) demand is the highest demand recorded over the billing period.

Technical vs Non-Technical Losses
What You Need to Know

Technical losses are coming from current flowing in electrical installations. They can not be avoided, but reduced by proper installation. Technical losses can be calculated.

Safeguarding Yourself
A Guide to Personal Safety with Electrical Installations

Personal safety comes first when working with electricity. It's never a mistake to review the basics.